The family sequence mainly follows Peters. For earlier references on anatomy, systematics, families and orders, see Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), and Sibley & Monroe (1990). Each link "to family account" is to the appropriate section of the UMMZ online resource Bird Families of the World.
Anderson, A. 1989. Prodigious Birds: Moas and moa-hunting in prehistoric New Zealand. Pp. xviii & 238. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Bertram, B. C. R. 1992. The Ostrich Communal Nesting System. Monographs in Behavior and Ecology, J. R. Krebs & T. H. Clutton-Brock, editors. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
Bledsoe, A. H. 1988. A phylogenetic analysis of postcranial skeletal characters of the ratite birds. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 57:73-90.
Bock, W. J. 1963. The cranial evidence for ratite affinities. Proc. 13th Internat. Ornithol. Congr. 39-54.
Bock, W. J., & P. Bühler. 1990. The evolution and biogeographical history of the Palaeognathous birds. Proc. Int. 100. DO-G Meeting, Current Topics Avian Biol., Bonn 1988:31-36.
Boer, L. E. M. de. 1980. Do the chromosomes of the kiwi provide evidence for a monophyletic origin of the ratites? Nature 287:84-85.
Bonser, R. H. C. & C. A. Walker. 1993. Some notes on type material of moas (Aves: Dinornithidae). Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 113:257-259.
Bruning, D. F. 1974. Social structure and reproductive behaviour in the greater rhea. Living Bird 13:251-294.
Calder, W. A. 1978. The kiwi. Sci. Amer. 239(1):132-142. ("honorary mammal")
Coddington, C. L. & A. Cockburn. 1995. The mating system of free-living emus. Austr. J. Zool. 43:365-372. --monogamy, polyandry and promiscuity
Cooper, A. 1997. Studies of avian ancient DNA: from Jurasic Park to modern island extinctions. in: Mindell, D., ed., 1997, pp. 345-373.
Cooper, A., I. A. E. Atkinson, W. G. Lee & T. H. Worthy. 1993. Evolution of the moa and their effect on the New Zealand flora. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8:433-437.
Cooper, A., Mourer-Chauviré, C., Chambers, G. K., von Haeseler, A., Wilson, A. C. & Pääbo, S. 1992. Independent origins of New Zealand moas and kiwis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8741-8744. -- molecular mt 12S rRNA gene sequences suggest that kiwis are related more closely to Australian and African ratites than to moas, and New Zealand was colonized at least twice by ratite ancestors.
Cracraft, J. 1974. Phylogeny and evolution of the ratite birds. Ibis 116:494-520.
Cracraft, J. 1976. The species of moas (Aves: Dinornithidae). Smithsonian Contrib. Paleobiology 27:189-205.
Cracraft, J. 1976. The hindlimb elements of the moas (Aves, Dinornithidae): a multivariate assessment of size and shape. J. Morph. 150:495-526.
Davies, S. J. J. F. 1976. The natural history of the emu in comparison with that of other ratites. Proc. XVI Internat. Ornithol. Congr., 1974, Canberra: 109-120.
Davies, S. J. J. F., M. W. R. Beck & J. P. Kruiskamp. 1971. The results of banding 154 emus in Western Australia. CSIRO Wildlife Research 16:77-79.
Diamond, J. M. 1989. Conservation Biology: Nine hundred kiwis and a dog. Nature 338:544.
Elezianowski, A. 1988. Ontogeny and evolution of the ratites. Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici 2: 2037-2046.
Fuller, E., ed. 1991. Kiwis: A Monograph on the Family Apterygidae. Shrewsbury, England: Swan Hill Press.
Houde, P. 1986. Ostrich ancestors found in the Northern Hemisphere suggest new hypothesis of ratite origins. Nature 324:563-565.
Houde, P. 1988. Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere. Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 22:148 pp.
Houde, P. & S. L. Olson. 1981. Palaeognathous carinate birds from the early Tertiary of North America. Science 1214:1236-1237.
Jehl, J. R., Jr. 1971. The color patterns of downy young ratites and tinamous. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 16(13):291-302.
Johnston, D. W. 1988. A morphological atlas of the avian uropygial gland. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.). 54(5):199-259. gland is present in most birds, lost independently in several groups, including adult ratites, present in rhea and emu chicks.
Krötsche, O. 1963. Die Moa-Strausse. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 322.
Osuga, D. T. & R. E. Feeney. 1968. Biochemistry of the egg-white proteins of the ratite group. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124:560-574.
Pääbo, S. 1993. Ancient DNA. Scientific American 269(5):86-92.
Pearson, A. K. & O. P. Pearson. 1955. Natural history of breeding behavior of the tinamou, Nothoprocta ornata. Auk 72:113-127.
Prager, E. M., A. C. Wilson, D. T. Osuga & R. E. Feeney. 1976. Evolution of flightless land birds on southern continents: tranferrin composition shows monophyletic origin of ratites. J. Mol. Evol. 8:283-294.
Pycraft, W. P. 1901. On the morphology and phylogeny of the Paleognathae (Ratitae and Crypturi) and Neognathae (Carinatae). Trans. Zool. Soc. London 15:149-290.
Rich, P. V. 1979. The Dromornithodae, an extinct family of large ground birds endemic to Australia. Bull. Austral. Bureau Mineral Res., Geology and Geophysics 184.
Sauer, E. G. F. & E. M. Sauer. 1966. The behavior and ecology of the South African ostrich. Living Bird 5:45-75.
Sheldon, F. H. & A. H. Bledsoe. 1993. Avian molecular systematics, 1970s to 1990s. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24:243-278.
Sibley, C. G. & J. E. Ahlquist. 1981. The phylogeny and relationships of the ratite birds as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization. In: Evolution Today, Proc. Second Internat. Congr. Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, 301-335.
Taborsky, B. & M. Taborsky. 1991. Social organization of North Island brown kiwi: long-term pairs and three types of male spacing behavior. Ethology 89:47-62. radiotagging study, birds were monogamous, successful males were on small territories
Taborsky, B. & M. Taborsky. 1992. Spatial organization of the North Island brown kiwi Apteryx australis mantalli: sex, pairing status and territoriality. Ibis 134:1-10.
Taborsky, M. & B. Taborsky. 1993. The kiwi's parental burden. Nat. Hist. 102(12):50-57.
Vanden Berge, J. C. 1982. Notes on the myology of the pelvic limb in kiwi (Apteryx) and in other birds. Auk 99:309-315.
Worthy, T. H. 1988. An illustrated key to the main leg bones of moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes). National Museum of New Zealand Misc. Series 17.
Worthy, T. H. 1991. An overview of the taxonomy, fossil history, biology and extinction of moas. Acta XX Congr. Internat. Ornithol.:555-562.
Worthy, T. H. 1994. Reappraisal of Dinornis (Aves: Dinornithiformes) species-- a morphometric analysis. New Zealand J. Zoology 21:113-134. three species (small, medium and large) each on North Island and South Island.
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Ainley, D. G., R. E. LeResche & W. J. L. Sladen. 1983. Breeding Biology of the Adelie Penguin. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 240 pp.
Clark, R. D. & W. Bemis. 1979. Kinematics of swimming of penguins at the Detroit Zoo. J. Zool. 188:411-428.
Davis, L. S. & J. Darby, eds. 1990. Penguin Biology. Academic Press, New York.
Ho, C. Y.-K., E. M. Prager, A. C. Wilson, D. T. Osuga & R. E. Feeney. 1976. Penguin evolution: protein comparisons demonstrate phylogenetic relationships to flying aquatic birds. J. Mol. Evol. 8:271-282.
Jouventin, P. 1982. Visual and vocal signals in penguins, their evolution and adaptive characters. Z. Tierpsychol. suppl. 24.
Kooyman, G. L. 1989. Diverse Divers: Physiology and Behaviour. Zoophysiology Series Springer-Kerlag, Berlin. (see Ibis 132:333)
Kooyman, G. L. & T. G. Kooyman. 1995. Diving behavior of emperor penguins nurturing chicks at Coulman Island, Antarctica. Condor 97:536-549.
Kooyman, G.L., Davis, R. W., Croxall, J. P. & Costa, D. P. 1982. Diving depths and energy requirements of king penguins. Science 271:726-727.
Muller-Schwarze, D. 1984. The Behavior of Penguins. State Univ. New York Press, Albany.
O'Hara, R. J. 1989. An estimate of the phylogeny of the living penguins (Aves: Spheniscidae). Am. Zool. 29:11A (abstract) (cladogram reprinted in T. Williams, 1995).
Raikow, R. J., Bicanovsky, L. & Bledsoe, A. H. 1988. Forelimb joint mobility and the evolution of wing-propelled diving in birds. Auk 105:446-451.
Reilly, P. 1994. Penguins of the World. Oxford University Press.
Schreiweis, D. O. 1982. A comparative study of the appendicular musculature of penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 341:1-46.
Simpson, G. G. 1946. Fossil penguins. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 87:1-99.
Simpson, G. G. 1976. Penguins, Past and Present, Here and There. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.
Stephan, B. 1979. Vergleichende Osteologie der Pinguinae. Ann. Ornithol. (Berlin) 3:1-98.
Stephan, B. 1980. Phylogenese und System der Pinguinae (Sphenisciformes). Ann. Ornithol. (Berlin) 4:41-47.
Stonehouse, B., ed. 1975. The Biology of Penguins. University Park Press, Baltimore.
Williams, T. 1995. The Penguins. Bird Families of the World. Oxford University Press.
Zusi, R. L. 1975. An interpretation of skull structure in penguins. pp. 59-84, in Stonehouse 1975.
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Ainley, D. G. 1980. Geographic variation in Leach's storm-petrel. Auk 97:837-853.
Ainley, D. G. 1983. Further notes on variation in Leach's storm-petrel. Auk 100:230-233.
Alexander, W. B., et al. 1965. The families and genera of the petrels and their names. Ibis 107:401-405.
Barrowclough, G. F., K. W. Corbin & R. M. Zink. 1981. Genetic differentiation in the Procellariiformes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69B:629-632.
Brooke, M. 1990. The Manx Shearwater. London: T. & A.D. Poyser.
Brooke, M. de L. 1995. The breeding biology of the gadfly petrels Pterodroma spp. of the Pitcairn Islands: characteristics, population sizes and controls. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 56:213-231.
Brooke, M. de L. & G. Rowe. 1996. Behavioural and molecular evidence for specific status of light and dark morphs of the herald petrel Pterodroma hereldica. Ibis 138:420-432.
Bourne, W. R. P. 1987. The classification and nomenclature of the petrels. Ibis 129:404.
Bourne, W. R. P. & J. R. Jehl. 1982. Variation and nomenclature of Leach's storm-petrels. Auk 99:793-797.
Bourne, W. R. P. & J. Warham. 1976. Geographical variation in the giant petrels of the genus Macronectes. Ardea 54:45-67.
Bretagnolle, V. 1988. Social behaviour of the southern giant petrel. Ostrich 59:116-125.
Bretagnolle, V. 1989. Calls of Wilson's storm petrel: functions, individual and sexual recognitions, and geographic variation. Behaviour 111:98-112.
Bretagnolle, V. 1990. Behavioural affinities of the blue petrel Halobaena caerulea. Ibis 132:102-105. (closest to prions Pachyptila)
Bretagnolle, V. 1993. Adaptive significance of seabird coloration: the case of procellariiforms. Am. Nat. 142:141-173.
Bretagnolle, V. 1996. Acoustic communication in a grop of non-passerine birds, the petrels. In: Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds (D. E. Kroodsma & E. H. Miller, Eds.), pp. 160-177. Ithaca, NY, Cornell Univ. Press.
Bretagnolle, V., R. Zotier & P. Jouventin. 1990. Comparative population biology of four prions (genus Pachyptila) from the Indian Ocean and consequences for their taxonomic status. Auk 107:305-316.
Brooke, M. 1990. The Manx Shearwater. T. & A. D. Poyser, London.
Conroy, J. W. H., G. Bruce, & J. R. Furse. 1975. A guide to the plumages and iris colours of the giant petrels. Ardea 63:87-92.
Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds, an Identification Guide. Croom Helm, Buckingham, Kent.
Harrison, P. 1997. Seabirds of the World. Princeton Univ. Press.
Hunter, S. 1983. Interspecific breeding in giant petrels at South Georgia. Emu 82 Suppl. 312-314.
Hunter, S. 1984. Breeding biology and population dynamics of giant petrels Macronectes at South Georgia (Aves, Procellariiformes). J. Zool. 203:441-460.
Hutchson, L. V. & B. M. Wenzel. 1980. Olfactory guidance in foraging by procellariiforms. Condor 82:314-319.
Imber, M. J. 1985. Origins, phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadfly petrels Pterodroma spp. Ibis 127:197-229.
Jehl, J. R. & W. T. Everett. 1985. History and status of the avifauna of Isla Guadalupe, Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 20:313-336. Leach's storm-petrels, cf Ainley 1980, 1983.
Jouventin, P. & C.-R. Viot. 1985. Morphological and genetic variability of snow petrels Pagodroma nivea. Ibis 27:430-442.
Jouventin, P. & B. Lequette. 1990. The dance of the wandering albatross. Emu 90:123-131.
Jouventin, P. & H. Weimerskirch. 1990. Satellite tracking of wandering albatrosses. Nature 343:746-748.
Jouventin, P. & H. Weimerskirch. 1991. Changes in the population size and demography of southern seabirds: management implications, pp. 297-313. in: Bird Population Studies (Ed. C. M. Perrins, J.-D. Lebreton & G. J. M. Hirons). Oxford Univ. Press. population data on age of first breeding, mean annual survival, mean life expectancy, breeding frequency, fledging frequency.
Klemm, R. D. 1969. Comparative myology of the hind limb of procellariiform birds. Southern Illinois Univ. Monogr. (Sci. Ser.). 2:1-269.
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Kuroda, N. H. 1967. Morpho-anatomical analysis of parallel evolution between diving petrel and ancient auk, with comparative osteological data of other species. Misc. Repts. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 5:11-137.
Kuroda, N. 1983. Some osteological notes on Procellariiformes. Tori 32:41-61.
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Nunn, G. B. & S. E. Stanley. 1998. Body size effects and rates of cytochrome b evolution in tube-nosed seabirds. Mol. Biol. Evol. 154:1360-1371. --taxa of birds of large body size have shorter terminal branch lengths, suggests rates of mtDNA evolution are slower for larger birds; interpreted as metabolic rate effect. phylogeny: ((Oceanitinae)(Hydrobatinae))((Pelecanoididae)((Procellariidae)(Diomedeidae))). Within Procellariidae, Pterodroma are basal, then a group including fulmar, snow petrel and giant petrel.
Olson, S. L. 1975. Remarks on the generic characters of Bulweria. Ibis 117:111-113.
Ovenden, J. R., A. Wist-Saucy, R. Bywater, N. Brothers, and R. W. G. White. 1991. Genetic evidence for philopatry in a colonially nesting seabird, the fairy prion (Pachyptila turtur). Auk 108:688-694.
Paterson, A. M., G. P. Wallis & R. D. Gray. 1995. Penguins, petrels, and parsimony: does cladistic analysis of behavior reflect seabird phylogeny? Evolution 49:974-989. compares cladograms based on proteins, mtDNA sequence, behavior and life histories, with general agreement among cladograms
Peterson, R. T. 1979. Penguins. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Power, D. M. & D. G. Ainley. 1986. Seabird geographic variation: similarity among populations of Leach's storm-petrel. Auk 103:575-585.
Saiff, E. 1974. The middle ear of the skull of birds: the Procellariiformes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 54:213-240.
Schaughnessy, P. D. 1970. Serum proteins of two sibling species of giant petrel (Macronectes spp.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 33:721-723. no genetic difference found between sibling species
Schaughnessy, P. D. & J. W. H. Conroy. 1977. Further data on the inheritance of plumage phases of the southern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus. Brit. Antarctic Survey Bull. 49:25-28.
Thoresen, A. C. 1969. Observations on the breeding behaviour of the diving petrel Pelecanoides u. urinatrix (Gmelin). Notornis 16:241-260.
Tomkins, R. J. & B. J. Milne. 1991. Differences among dark-rumped petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) populations within the Galapagos archipelago. Notornis 38:1-35.
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Warham, J. 1991. The Petrels, Their Ecology and Breeding Systems. Academic Press, New York.
Warham, J. 1996. Behaviour and Population Ecology of the Petrels. Academic Press, New York.
Weimerskirch, H., B. Lequette, & P. Jouventin. 1990. Development and maturation of plumage in the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans. J. Zoology (London) 219:411-421.
Weimerskirch, H., M. Salamolard, F. Sarrazin & P. Jouventin. 1993. Foraging strategy of wandering albatrosses through the breeding season: a study using satellite telemetry. Auk 110:325-342.
Wooller, R. D., J. S. Bradley, I. J. Skira, & D. L. Serventy. 1989. Short-tailed shearwater, pp. 405-417, in: I. Newton (ed.), Lifetime Reproduction in Birds. Academic Press, New York.
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Boertmann, D. 1990. Phylogeny of the divers, family Gaviidae (Aves). Steenstrupia 16:21-36.
Cracraft, J. 1982. Phylogenetic relationships and monophyly of loons, grebes, and hesperornithiform birds, with comments on the early history of birds. Syst. Zool. 31:35-56.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1987. Diving Birds of North America. Nebraska Univ. Press, Omaha, Nebraska.
McIntyre, J. W. 1988. The Common Loon, Spirit of grebes (Aves: Podicipediformes) and its systematic implications. Acta Zool. Cracov 37(1):191-346.
Cracraft, J. 1982. Phylogenetic relationships and monophyly of loons, grebes, and hesperornithiform birds, with comments on the early history of birds. Syst. Zool. 31:35-56.
Fjeldsa° , J. 1981. Comparative ecology of Peruvian grebes. A study in mechanisms for evolution of ecological isolation. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk naturhist. Foren. 144:125-246.
Fjeldså, J. 1973. Antagonistic and heterosexual behaviour of the horned grebe, Podiceps auritus. Sterna 12:161-217.
Fjeldsa° , J. 1982. Some behaviour patterns of four closely related grebes, Podiceps nigricollis, P. gallardoi, P. occipitalis and P. taczanowskii, with reflections on phylogeny and adaptive aspects of the evolution of displays. Dansk. Ornithol. Foren. Tidsskr. 76:37-68.
Fjeldså, J. 1985. Displays of the two primitive grebes Rollandia rolland and R. microptera, and the origin of the complex courtship behaviour of the Podiceps species (Aves: Podicipedidae). Steenstrupia 11:133-155.
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Johnsgard, P. A. 1987. Diving Birds of North America. Nebraska Univ. Press, Omaha, Nebraska.
LaBastille, A. 1990. Mama Poc: An Ecologist's Account of the Extinction of a Species. W. W. Norton, New York. Podilymbus gigas
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Storer, R. W. 1976. The Pleistocene pied-billed grebes (Aves: Podicipedidae). Coll. Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore, S. L. Olson, ed., pp. 147-153.
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Burger, A. E. 1978. Functional anatomy of the feeding apparatus of four South African cormorants. Zool. Afr. 1978:81-100.
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Nelson, J. B. 1979. The Gannet. T. & A. D. Poyser, Calton, U.K.
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Van Tets, G. F. 1976. Australasia and the origin of shags and cormorants, Phalacrocoracidae. Proc. 16th Internat. Ornithol. Congress, Canberra, 121-124.
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Frederick, P. 1987. Responses of male white ibises to their mate's extra-pair copulations. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 21:223-228.
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Kahl, M. P. 1972. A revision of the family Ciconiidae (Aves). J. Zool., London 167:451-461.
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Kahl, M. P. 1972. Comparative ethology of the Ciconiidae. Part 4. The "typical" storks (genera Ciconia, Sphenorhynchus, Dissoura, and Euxenura). Z. Tierpsychol. 30:225-252.
Kahl, M. P. 1972. Comparative ethology of the Ciconiidae. Part 5. The openbill storks (genus Anastomus). J. Ornithol. 113:121-137.
Kahl, M. P. 1973. Comparative ethology of the Ciconiidae. part 6. The blacknecked, saddlebill, and jabiru storks (genera Xenorhynchus, Ephippiorhynchus, and Jabiru). Condor 75:17-27.
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Pegoraro, K. & E. Thaler. 1985. Zum Verhalten erstbrüter Waldrapp-Weibchen in Alpenzoo. Zool. Garten N. F., Jena 55:113-123. (Geronticus eremita)
Ramo, C. & Busto, B. 1987. Hybridization between the scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber) and the white ibis (Eudocimus albus) in Venezuela. Colonial Waterbirds 10:111-114.
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Wingfield, J.C., Ishii, S., Kikuchi, M., Wakabayashi, S., Sakai, H., Yamaguchi, N., Wada, M. & Chikatsuji, K. 2000. Biology of a critically endangered species, the toki (Japanese crested ibis) Nipponia nippon. Ibis 142:1-11.
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Brosset, A. 1971. Premiéres observations sur la reproduction de six oiseaux africains. Alauda 39:112-126. Tigriornis leucolophus
English, P. & C. Bodenhorst. 1991. The voice and first nesting records of the zigzag heron in Ecuador. Wilson Bull. 103:661-664. Zebrilus undulatus
Hancock, J. 1998. Herons and Egrets of the World: A Photographic Guide. Academic Press, paperback. (47 species)
Hancock, J. & Elliott, H. 1978. Herons of the World. Harper and Row, New York.
Hancock, J. & J. Kushlan. 1984. The Herons Handbook. Harper and Row, New York.
Higuchi, H. 1986. Bait-fishing by the green-backed heron Ardeola striata in Japan. Ibis 128:285-290.
Higuchi, H. 1988. Individual differences in bait-fishing by the green-backed heron Ardeola striata associated with territory quality. Ibis 130:39-44.
McCracken, K. G. & F. H. Sheldon. 1998. Molecular and osteological heron phylogenies: sources of incongruence. Auk 115:127-141.
de Naurois, R. 1988. Ardea (purpurea) bournei endémique de l'ile de Santiago (Archipel du Cap Vert). Alauda 56:261-268. color photos of specimens in Tring, Paris & Lisbon.
Itoh, S. 1991. Geographical variation of the plumage polymorphism in the eastern reef heron (Egretta sacra). Condor 93:383-399.
Payne, R. B. & C. J. Risley. 1976. Systematics and evolutionary relationships among the herons. Univ. Mich. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. 150.
Sheldon, F. H. 1987. Rates of single-copy DNA evolution in herons. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:56-69.
Sheldon, F. H. 1987. Phylogeny of herons estimated from DNA-DNA hybridization data. Auk 104:97-108.
Sheldon, F. H. & M. Kinnarney. 1993. The effects of sequence removal on DNA-hybridization estimates of distance, phylogeny, and rates of evolution. Syst. Zool. 42:32-48. includes 4 herons & ibis, using sequence removal with DNA of stork & swallow, conclude sequence removal is wrong rel to Sheldon 1987.
Sheldon, F. H., K. G. McCracken & K. D. Stuebing. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of tiger-herons and zigzag heron estimated by DNA-DNA hybridization. Auk 112:672-680.
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Feduccia, A. 1976. Osteological evidence for shorebird affinities of the flamingos. Auk 93:587-601.
Jenkin, P. M. 1957. The filter feeding and food of flamingoes (Phoenicopteri). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 240:401-493.
Kear, J. & N. Düplaix-Hall (eds.). 1975. Flamingos. T. & A. D. Poyser, Berkhamsted.
Olson, S. L. & A. Feduccia. 1980. Relationships and evolution of flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 316:1-73.
Sibley, C. G., K. W. Corbin & J. H. Haavie. 1969. The relationships of the flamingos as indicated by the egg-white proteins and hemoglobins. Condor 71:155-179.
Studer-Thiersch, A. 1974. (The courtship of the flamingo genus Phoenicopterus, especially of Ph. ruber roseus). Z. Tierpsychol. 36:212-266.
Zweers, G., F. de Jong, H. Berkhoudt & J. C. Vanden Berge. 1995. Filter feeding in flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber). Condor 97:297-324.
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Avise, J. C., R. T. Alisaukas, W. S. Nelson & C. D. Ankney. 1992. Matriarchal population genetic structure in an avian species with female natal philopatry. Evolution 46:1084-1096.
Beauchamp, G. 1997. Determinants of intraspecific brood amalgamationin waterfowl. Auk 114:11-21.
Beauchamp, G. 1998. The relationship between intra- and interspecific brood amalgamation in waterfowl. Condor 100:153-162. -brood parasitism.
Brush, A. H. 1976. Waterfowl feather proteins: analysis of use in taxonomic studies. J. Zool. 179:467-498.
Cooke, F. 1987. Lesser snow goose: a long-term population study. In: Avian Genetics, ed. F. Cooke and P. A. Buckley, pp. 407-432.
Cooke, F., R. F. Rockwell & D. B. Lank. 1995. The Snow Geese of La Pérouse Bay: Natural Selection in the Wild. Oxford Ornithology Series, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
Corbin, K. W., B. C. Livezey & P. S. Humphrey. 1988. Genetic differentiation among steamer-ducks (Anatidae: Tachyeres): an electrophoretic analysis. Condor 90:773-781.
Donkin, R. A. 1989. The Muscovy Duck, Cairina moschata domestica: origins, dispersal, and associated aspects of the geography of domestication. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Eadie, J. M. 1991. Constraint and opportunity in the evolution of brood parasitism in waterfowl. Proc. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 20:1031-1040.
Eadie, J., F. P. Kehoe & T. D. Nudds. 1988. Pre-hatch and post-hatch brood amalgamation in North American Anatidae: a review of hypotheses. Can. J. Zool. 66:1709-1721.
Faith, D. P. 1989. Homoplasy as pattern: multivariate analysis of morphological convergence in Anseriformes. Cladistics 5:235-258.
Frith, H. J. 1967. Waterfowl in Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
Frith, H. J. & Davies, S. J. J. F. 1961. Ecology of the magpie goose, Anseranas semipalmata, Latham (Anatidae). CSIRO Wildlife Res. 6:91-141.
Goodman, D. C. & H. I. Fisher. 1962. Functional anatomy of the feeding apparatus in waterfowl Aves: Anatidae. So. Illinois Univ. Press, Carbondale.
Humphrey, P. S. & B. C. Livezey. 1985. Nest, eggs, and downy young of the white-headed flightless steamer-duck. Ornithol. Monogr. 36:944-953.
Humphrey, P. S. & M. C. Thompson. 1981. A new species of steamer-duck (Tachyeres) from Argentina. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Occ. Pap. 95:1-12.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1961. The taxonomy of the Anatidae--a behavioural analysis. Ibis 103a:71-85.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1965. Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1978. Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World. Univ. Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Johnsgard, P. A. & M. Carbonell. 1996. Ruddy Ducks and other Stifftails: Their Behavior and Biology. Univ. Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Johnsgard, P. A. & Kear, J. 1968. A review of parental carrying of young by waterfowl. Living Bird 7:89-102.
Johnson, K. P. 1999. The evolution of bill coloration and plumage dimorphism supports the transference hypothesis in dabbling ducks. Behav. Ecol. 10:63-67.
Johnson, K. P. & M. D. Sorenson. 1998. Comparing molecular evolution in two mitochondrial protein coding genes (cytochrome b and ND2) in the dabbling ducks (Tribe: Anatini). Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 10: 82-94.
Johnson, K. P. & M. D. Sorenson. 1999. Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. Auk 116: 792-805.
Johnson, K. P., F. McKinney & M. D. Sorenson. 1999. Phylogenetic constraint on male parental care in the dabbling ducks. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 266: 759-763.
Kessler, L. G. & J. C. Avise. 1984. Systematic relationships among waterfowl (Anatidae) inferred from restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Syst. Zool. 33:370-380.
Lank, D. B., Bousfield, M. A., Cooke, R. & Rockwell, R. F. 1991. Why do snow gese adopt eggs? Behav. Ecol. 2:181-187.
Lank, D. B., Rockwell, R. F. & Cooke, F. 1990. Frequency-dependent fitness consequences of intraspecific nest parasitism in snow geese. Evolution 44:1436-1453.
Livezey, B. C. 1986. A phylogenetic analysis of Recent anseriform genera using morphological characters. Auk 103:737-754.
Livezey, B. C. 1989. Phylogenetic relationships and incipient flightlessness in the extinct Auckland Islands merganser. Wilson Bull. 101:410-435.
Livezey, B. C. 1989. Phylogenetic relationships of several subfossil Anseriformes of New Zealand. Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 128:1-25.
Livezey, B. C. 1991. A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology. Auk 108:471-507.
Livezey, B. C. 1995. Phylogeny and evolutionary ecology of modern seaducks (Anatidae: Mergini). Condor 97:233-255.
Livezey, B. C. 1995. Phylogeny and comparative ecology of stiff-tailed ducks (Anatidae: Oxyurini). Wilson Bull. 107:214-234.
Livezey, B. C. 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the whistling and white-backed ducks (Anatidae, Dendrocygninae) using morphological characters. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 64:65-97.
Livezey, B. C. 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of geese and swans (Anseriformes: Anserinae), including selected fossil species. Syst. Biol. 45:415-450.
Livezey, B. C. 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythyini). Auk 113:74-93.
Livezey, B. C. 1996. A phylogenetic reassessment of the tadornine-anatine divergence (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae). Ann. Carnegie Mus. 65:27-88.
Livezey, B. C. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of modern sheldgeese and shelducks (Anatidae, Tadornini). Ibis 139: 51-66.
Livezey, B. C. 1997. A phylogenetic classification of waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes), including selected fossil species. Annals of Carnegie Museum 66:457-496.
Livezey, B. C. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil Presbyornis, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 121:361-428.
Livezey, B. C. & P. S. Humphrey. 1984. Diving behaviour of steamer ducks Tachyeres spp. Ibis 21236:257-260.
Livezey, B. C. & P. S. Humphrey. 1986. Flightlessness in steamer-ducks (Anatidae: Tachyeres): its morphological bases and probable evolution. Evolution 40:540-558.
Livezey, B. C. & P. S. Humphrey. 1992. Taxonomy and identification of steamer-ducks (Anatidae: Tachyeres), pp. 125. Lawrence, Kansas: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas.
Lorenz, K. 1971. Comparative studies of the motor patterns of Anatinae. pp. 14-114, in: Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Vol. 2 (R. Martin, translation of J. Ornithol. 89:19-29 (1941).
Madsen, C. S., K. P. McHugh & S. R. de Kloet. 1988. A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA. Auk 105:452-459.
Olson, S. L. & A. Feduccia. 1980. Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves: Charadriomorphae). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 323:1-24.
Omland, K.E. 1997. Examining two standard assumptions of ancestral reconstructions: repeated loss of dichromatism in dabbling ducks (Anatini). Evolution 51:1636-1646.
Palmer, R. S. (ed.). 1962. Handbook of North American Birds, vol. 1. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.
Ploeger, P. L. 1968 Geographic differentiation in arctic Anatidae as a result of isolation during the last glacial. Ardea 56:1-159.
Quinn, T.W. 1992. The genetic legacy of mother goose--phylogeographic patterns of lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens maternal lineages. Mol. Evol. 1:105-117.
Rohwer, F. C. 1992. The evolution of reproductive patterns in waterfowl, pp. 486-539, in: Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl (ed. B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec & G. L. Krapu. Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press.
Rhymer, J. M., M. J. Williams & M. J. Braun. 1994. Mitochondrial analysis of gene flow between New Zealand mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and grey ducks (A. superciliosa). Auk 111:970-978.
Sargeant, A. B. & D. G. Raveling. 1992. Mortality during the breeding season, pp. 396-422, in: Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl (ed. B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec & G. L. Krapu. Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press.
Sayler, R. D. 1992. The evolution of reproductive patterns in waterfowl, pp. 290-322, in: Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl (ed. B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, J. A. Kadlec & G. L. Krapu. Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press.
Scott, D. K. & T. H. Clutton-Brock. 1989. Mating systems, parasites and plumage dimorphism in waterfowl. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26:261-273.
Scott, P. 1972. A Coloured Key to the Wildfowl of the World. Rev. ed. Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, England.
Shields, G. F. & A. C. Wilson. 1987. Calibration of mitochondrial DNA evolution in geese. J. Mol. Evol. 24:212-217.
Shields, G. F. & A. C. Wilson. 1987. Subspecies of the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) have distinct mitochondrial DNAs. Evolution 41:662-666.
Sorenson, L. G. & S. R. Derrickson. 1994. Sexual selection in the northern pintail (Anas acuta): the importance of female choice versus male-male competition in the evolution of sexually selected traits. Behav Ecol. Sociobiol. 35:389-400.
Sorenson, M. D. 1991. The functional significance of parasitic egg laying and typical nesting in redhead ducks: an analysis of individual behaviour. Anim. Behav. 42:771-796.
Sorenson, M. D. 1993. Parasitic egg laying in canvasbacks: frequency, success, and individual behavior. Auk 110:57-69.
Sorenson, M. D. 1997. Effects of intra- and interspecific brood parasitism on a precocial host, the canvasback, Aythya valisineria. Behav. Ecol. 8:153-161.
Sorenson, M. D. 1998. Molecular systematics of the waterfowl (family Anatidae). Project report, work in progress, Boston University.
Sraml, M., L. Christidis, S. Easteal, P. Horn & C. Collet. 1996. Molecular relationships within Australian waterfowl (Anseriformes). Austr. J. Zool. 44:47-58.
Todd, F. S. 1979. Waterfowl, Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. Sea World Press / Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.
Todd, F. S. 1996. Natural History of the Waterfowl. Ibis Publishing Co., San Diego Natural History Museum. 502 pp, 750 color photos.
Tuohy, J. M., K. P. McHugh, & S. R. de Kloet. 1992. Systematic relationships among some Anatini as derived from restriction-endonuclease analysis of a repeated DNA component. Auk 109:465-473.
Van Wagner, C. E. & A. J. Baker. 1990. Association between mitochondrial DNA and morphological evolution in Canada geese. J. Mol. Evol. 31:373-382.
Weller, M. W. 1968. The breeding biology of the parasitic black-headed duck. Living Bird 1968:169-208.
Woolfenden, G. E. 1961. Postcranial osteology of the waterfowl. Bull. Fla. State Mus. 6:1-129.
Yerkes, T. & M. A. Koops. 1999. Redhead reproductive strategy choices: a dynamic state variable model. Behav. Ecol. 10:30-40. --brood parasitism
Zimmer, R., B. Erdmann, W. K. Thomas & T. W. Quinn. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of the Coscoroba coscoroba using mitochondrial sr DNA gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 3:85-91.
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Booth, D. T. 1987. Effect of temperature on development of mallee fowl Leipoa ocellata eggs. Physiol. Zool. 60:435-445.
Booth, D. T. 1987. Metabolic response of mallee fowl Leipoa ocellata embryos to cooling and heating. Physiol. Zool. 60:446-453. (conversion to "endothermy" before hatching)
Brom, T.G. 1991. Variability and phylogenetic significance of detachable nodes in feathers of tinamous, galliforms and turacos. J. Zoology 225:589-604.
Clark, G. A. 1964. Ontogeny and evolution in the megapodes (Aves: Galliformes). Postilla, Yale, 78:37 pp.
Dekker, R. W. R. J. & T. G. Brom. 1990. Maleo eggs and the amount of yolk in relation to different incubation strategies in megapodes. Austral. J. Zool. 38:19-24.
Dekker, R. W. R. J. & D. N. Jones (eds.). 1992. Proceedings of the First International Megapode Symposium, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 1990. Zoologische Verhandelingen 278. 78 pp.
Diamond, J. 1983. The reproductive biology of mound-building birds. Nature 301:288-289.
Dwyer, P. D. 1981. Two species of megapode laying in the same mound. Emu 81:173-174.
Frith, H. J. 1962. The Malee-Fowl. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
Frost, P. G. H. 1975. The systematic position of the Madagascan partridge Margaroperdix madagascariensis (Scopoli). Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 95:64-68. systematic use of downy young pattern in quail, francolin and partridge, concludes Madagascar partridge is a large quail
Immelmann, K. & J. Böhner. 1984. Beobachtungen am Thermometerhuhn (Leipoa ocellata) in Australien. J. Ornithol. 125:141-155.
Jones, D. N. 1990. Social organization and sexual interactions in Australian brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami): implications of promiscuity in a mound-building megapode. Ethology 84:89-104.
Jones, D. N. 1990. Male mating tactics in a promiscuous megapode: patterns of incubation mound ownership. Behav. Ecol. 1:107-115.
Jones, D. N., R. W. R. J. Dekker & C. S. Roselaar. 1995. The Megapodes. Bird Families of the World 2. Oxford University Press.
Kloska, C. & J. Nicolai. 1988. Fortpflanzungsverhalten des Kamm-Talegalla (Aepypodius arfakianus Salvad.). J. Ornithol. 129:185-204. (review of breeding biology of megapodes, sexual dimorphism, "brood parasitism" (Megapodius freycinet), mating system, pair bond)
MacKinnon, J. R. 1981. Methods for the conservation of maleo birds Macrocephalon maleo on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biol. Conserv. 20:183-193.
Seymour, R. S. 1986. Physiology of megapode eggs and incubation mounds. Proc. 18th Internat. Ornithol. Congress, Moscow:854-863.
Seymour, R. S. & D. F. Bradford. 1992. Temperature regulation in the incubation mounds of the Australian brush-turkey. Condor 94:134-150.
Seymour, R. S., Vleck, D. & Vleck, C. M. 1986. Gas exchange in the incubation mounds of megapode birds. J. Comp. Physiol. B: 156-773-782.
Todd, D. 1983. Pritchard's megapode on Niuafo'ou Island, Kingdom of Tonga. World Pheasant Assn. J. 8:69-88. (brood parasitism in Megapodius freycinet)
Vleck, D., Vleck, C. M. & Seymour, R. S. 1984. Energetics of embryonic development in the megapode birds, mallee fowl Leipoa ocellata and brush-turkey Alectura lathami. Physiol. Zool. 57:444-456.
Weathers, W. W., R. S. Seymour & R. V. Baudinette. 1993. Energetics of mound-tending behaviour in the malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata (Megapodiidae). Anim. Behav. 45:333-341.
Whitten, A. J., M. Mustafa. & G. S. Henderson. 1987. The Ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada Univ. Press, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. (Macrocephalon maleo)
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Galliformes: Cracidae and Phasianidae
Bergerud, A. T. & M. W. Gratson, eds. 1988. Adaptive Strategies and Population Ecology of Northern Grouse. 2 vols. Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press.
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Brom, T. G. 1991. Variability and phylogenetic significance of detachable nodes in feathers of tinamous, galliforms and turacos. J. Zool., London 225:589-604.
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Crowe, T. M. 1988. Molecules vs morphology in phylogenetics: a non-controversy. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 46:317-334.
Crowe, T. M. & A. A. Crowe. 1985. The genus Francolinus as a model for avian evolution and biogeography in Africa. I. relationships among species. Proc. Internat. Symp. African Vertebrates, Bonn: 207-240.
Crowe, T. M., E. H. Harley, M. B. Jakutowicz, J. Komen & A. A. Crowe. 1992. Phylogenetic, taxonomic and biogeographical implications of genetic, morphological, and behavioral variation in francolins (Phasianidae: Francolinus). Auk 109:24-42.
Davison, G. W. H. 1981. Sexual selection and the mating system of Argusianus argus (Aves: Phasianidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 15:91-104.
Delacour, J. & D. Amadon. 1973. Currasows and Related Birds. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
De Vos, G. J. 1979. Adaptedness of arena behaviour in black grouse and other grouse species. Behaviour 68:277-314.
Dinesen, L., T. Lehmberg, J. O. Svendsen, L. A. Hansen & J. Fjeldså. 1994. A new genus and species of perdicine bird (Phasianidae, Perdicini) from Tanzania: a relict form with Indo-Malayan affinities. Ibis 136:3-11, color plate. Xenoperdix udzungwensis from Udzungwa Mountains, rel to Arborophila.
Ellsworth, D. L., R. L. Honeycutt, N. J. Silvy, K. D. Rittenhouse & M. H. Smith. 1994. Mitochondrial-DNA and nuclear-gene differentiation in North American prairie grouse (genus Tympanuchus). Auk 111:661-671. (shared electromorphs between species, thought due to recent common ancestry)
Ellsworth, D. L., R. L. Honeycutt & N. J. Silvy. 1996. Systematics of grouse and ptarmigan determined by nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-B gene. Auk 113:811-822.
Ericson, P. G. P. 1996. The skeletal evidence for a sister-group relationship of anseriform and galliform birds: a critical evaluation. J. Avian Biol. 27:195-202. (weak osteological support)
Gatter, W., A. Peal, C. Steiner & F. Weick. 1988. Die unbekannten Jugedkleider des seltenen Weissbrustperlhuhns (Agelastes meleagrides Bonaparte, 1850). Okol. Vogel. 10:105-111.
Gibson, R.M., Bradbury, J.W. & Vehrencamp, S.L. 1991. Mate choice in lekking sage grouse revisited: the roles of vocal display, female site fidelity, and copying. Behavioral Ecology 2:165-180.
Gutiérrez, R. J., R. M. Zink & S. Y. Yang. 1983. Genic variation, systematic, and biogeographic relationships of some galliform birds. Auk 100:33-47.
Hall, B. P. 1963. The francolins, a study in speciation. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 10:107-204.
Hargrave, L. L. 1972. Comparative osteology of the chicken and American grouse. Prescott College Studies in Biology 1.
Hastings Belshaw, R. H. 1985. Guinea Fowl of the World. Nimrod Book Services, Liss, England.
Helm-Bychowski, K. M. 1984. Evolution of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in gallinaceous birds. PhD thesis, Univ. California, Berkeley.
Helm-Bychowski, K. M. & A. C. Wilson. 1986. Rates of nuclear DNA evolution in pheasant-like birds: evidence from restriction maps. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:688-692.
Helm-Bychowski, K. M. & A. C. Wilson. 1988. Temporal calibration of nuclear DNA evolution in phasianoid birds: evidence from restriction maps. Acta XIX Congr. Internat. Ornithol., Ottawa, 1896-1904.
Hjorth, I. 1970. Reproductive behaviour in Tetraonidae with special reference to males. Viltrevy Swedish Wildlife 7(4):184-596.
Hjorth, I. 1976. The divalent origin and adaptive radiation of grouse songs. Ornis Scand. 7:147-157.
Holman, J. A. 1961. Osteology of living and fossil New World quails (Aves, Galliformes). Bull. Florida State Museum 6:131-233.
Holman, J. A. 1964. Osteology of gallinaceous birds. Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 27:230-252.
Hudson, G.T., R. A. Parker, J. V. Berge & P.J. Lanzillotti. 1966. A numerical analysis of the modification of the appendicular muscles in various genera of gallinaceous birds. Amer. Midl. Nat. 876:1-73.
Islam, K. & J. A. Crawford. 1998. Comparative displays among four species of tragopans and their derivation and function. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 10:17-32.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1983. The Grouse of the World. Univ. Nebraska Press.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1986. The Pheasants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1988. The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
Kimball, R.T., E.L. Braun, P.W. Zwartues, T.M. Crowe & J.D. Ligon. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic. Mol. Phologen. Evol. 11:38-54.
Klaus, S., J. Wiesner & O. A. Vitovic» . 1988. Revier- und Werbeverhalten des Kaukasischen Birkhuhns, Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Taczanowskí. Acta Ornithoecol., Jena, 4:307-324.
Klaus, S., H.-H. Bergmann, C. Marti, F. Müller, O. A. Vitovic, and J. Wiesner. 1990. Die Birkhühner Tetrao tetrix und T. mlokosiewiczi. Neue Brehm-Bücherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt.
Korgenay, J. R., T. D. Kocher, l. A. Williams & A. C. Wilson. 1993. Pathways of lysozyme evolution inferred from the sequences of cytochrome b in birds. J. Mol. Evol. 37:367-379.
Kuz'mina, M. A. 1992. Tetraonidae and Phasianidae of the USSR: Ecology and morphology. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Translation Series TT-81-52004.
Ligon, J. D. & Zwartjes, P. W. 1995. Ornate plumage of male red junglefowl does not influence mate choice by females. Animal Behaviour 49:117-125.
Ligon, J. D. & Zwartjes, P. W. 1995. Female red junglefowl choose to mate with multiple males. Animal Behaviour 49:127-135.
MacDonald, S. D. 1970. The breeding behaviour of the rock ptarmigan. Living Bird 9:195-238.
McBride, G., I. P. Parer & F. Foenander. 1969. The social organization and behaviour of the feral domestic fowl. Anim. Behav. Monogr. 2(3):127-181.
Miller, D. B. 1978. Species-typical and individually distinctive acoustic features of crow calls of red jungle fowl. Z. Tierpsychol. 47:182-193.
Moss, R. & I. Lockie. 1979. Infrasonic components in the song of the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus. Ibis 121:95-97.
Olson, S.L. 1974. Telecrex restudied: a small Eocene guineafowl. Wilson Bull. 86:246-250.
Prager, E. M. & A. C. Wilson. 1976. Congruency of phylogenies derived from different proteins. J. Mol. Evol. 9:45-57. galliformes
Randi, E. 1996. A mitochondrial cytochrome B phylogeny of the Alectoris partridges. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 6:214-227.
Randi, E., G. Fusco, R. Lorenzini & T. M. Crowe. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and rates of allozyme evolution within the Phasianidae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19:213-221.
Randi, E., A. Merigga, R. Lorenzini, G. Fusco & P. U. Alkon. 1992. Biochemical analysis of relationships of Mediterranean Alectoris partridges. Auk 109:358-367. allozymes, species groups as in Watson 1962.
Sheldon, F.H. & A.H. Bledsoe. 1993. Avian molecular systematics, 1970's to 1990's. Ann.Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24:243-278.
Short, L. L. 1967. A review of the genera of grouse (Aves, Tetraoninae). Amer. Mus. Novitates 2289. 39 pp.
Stresemann, E. 1965. Die Mauser der Hühnervögel. J. Ornithol. 106:58-64.
Vehrencamp, S. L., J. W. Bradbury & R. M. Gibson. 1989. The energetic cost of display in male sage grouse. Anim. Behav. 38:885-896.
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Avise, J. C., W. S. Nelson & C. G. Sibley. 1994. DNA sequence support for a close phylogenetic relationship between some storks and New World vultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:5173-5177. (retracted: see Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 6:319, 1996)
Bang, B. G. 1964. The nasal organs of the black and turkey vultures: a comparative study of the cathartid species Coragyps atratus atratus and Cathartes aura septentrionalis (with notes on Cathartes aura falklandica, Pseudogyps bengalensis and Neophron percnopterus). J. Morph. 115:153-184.
Bang, B. G. 1971. Functional anatomy of the olfactory system in 23 orders of birds. Acta Anat. Suppl. 79:1-76.
Campbell, K. E., Jr. & E. P. Tonni. 1983. Size and locomotion in teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae). Auk 100:390-403.
Fisher, H. I. 1944. The skulls of the cathartid vultures. Condor 46:272-296.
Fisher, H. I. 1946. Adaptations and comparative anatomy of the locomotor apparatus of new world vultures. Amer. Midl. Nat. 35: 545-727.
Gailey, J. & Bolwig, N. 1973. Observations on the behavior of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus). Condor 75:60-68.
Gomez, L. G., D. C. Houston, P. Cotton & A. Tye. 1994. The role of greater yellow-headed vultures Cathartes melambrotus as scavengers in neotropical forest. Ibis 136:193-196.
Helbig, A. J. & I. Seibold. 1996. Are storks and New World vultures paraphyletic? Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 6:315-319. (re Avise et al. 1994: no, and Avise et al's sequences were in much error.)
Houston, D. C. 1985. Evolutionary ecology of Afrotropical and Neotropical vultures in forests. In: Neotropical Ornithology (ed. Foster, M., et al.), Ornithol. Monogr. 36:856-864.
Houston, D. C. 1988. Competition for food between Neotropical vultures in forest. Ibis 130:402-417.
Ligon, J. D. 1967. Relationships of the cathartid vultures. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 651:1-26.
Seibold, I. & A. J. Helbig. 1995. Evolutionary history of New and Old World vultures inferred from nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B 350:163-178.
Snyder, N. F. R. & H. A. Snyder. 1989. Biology and conservation of the California condor. Current Ornithol. 6:175-267.
Stager, K. E. 1964. The role of olfaction in food location by the turkey vulture. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contrib. Science 81.
Sibley, C. G. & J. E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale Univ. Press. note: New world vultures said to be closest to storks, as in Ligon 1967, but note DNA-DNA melting curves (Figs. 139, 141, 142, 143) and derived trees (Fig. 338) show them with accipitrid assemblage.
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Falconiformes: Accipitridae and Falconidae
Amadon, D. 1980. Varying proportions between young and old raptors. Proc. Pan-Afr. Ornithol. Congress 4:327-331. long tail in juveniles for flight (bateleur)
Amadon, D. & J. Bull. 1988. Hawks and owls of the world: a distributional and taxonomic list, with the genus Otus by J. T. Marshall & B. F. King. Proc. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology 3(4):294-357.
Andersson, M. & R. Å. Norberg. 1981. Evolution of revered sexual size dimorphism and role partitioning among predatory birds, with a size scaling of flight performance. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 15:105-130.
Becker, J. 1987. Revision of "Falco" ramenta Wetmore and the Neogene evolution of the Falconidae. Auk 104:270-276.
Block, W. M., M. L. Morrison & M. H. Reiser. 1994. The northern goshawk: ecology and management. Studies in Avian Biology 16, 136 pp.
Boyce, D. A. 1989. A systematic study of the family Falconidae: protein electrophoretic analysis of genera. PhD diss., Brigham Young, Univ., Provo, Utah.
Brown, C. J. 1988. A study of the bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus in southern Africa. PhD thesis, Univ. Witwatersrand.
Brown, C. J. 1990. Breeding biology of the bearded vulture in southern Africa. Ostrich 61:24-49.
Brown, L. & D. Amadon. 1968. Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World. 2 vols. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Brodkorb, P. 1960. The skeleton and systematic position of Gampsonyx. Auk 77:88-89.
Burton, P. J. K. 978. The intertarsal joint of the harrier-hawks Polyboroides spp. and the crane hawk Geranospiza caerulescens. ibis 120:170-177.
Cade, T. J., J. H. Enderson, C. G. Thelander & C. M. White, eds. 1988. Peregrine Falcon Populations, Their Management and Recovery. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho.
Clark, W. S. 1987. A Field Guide to Hawks, North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Clark, W. S. & N. J. Schmitt. 1999. Field Guide to the Raptors of Europe. Oxford Univ. Press.
Cooper, J. E. 1980. Additional observations on the intertarsal joint of the African harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus. Ibis 122:94-98.
Emslie, S. D. 1988. An early condor-like vulture from North America. Auk 105:529-535.
Friedmann, H. 1950. The birds of North and Middle America. US National Museum Bull. 50, part 11.
Gargett, V. 1993. The Black Eagle. T. & A. D. Poyser, London (1990, Acorn Books and Russel Friedman Books, Johannesburg).
Génsbøl, W. 1986. Greifvögel. W. Thiede, ed. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München.
Goodman, S. M. 1994. Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar: Stephanoaetus (Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Ampasambazimba. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 107:421-428.
Griffiths, C. S. 1994. Syringeal morphology and the phylogeny of the Falconidae. Condor 96:127-140.
Griffiths, C. S. 1994. Monophyly of the Falconiformes based on syringeal morphology. Auk 111:787-805.
Griffiths, C. S. 1999. Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data. Auk 116:116-130.
Grossman, M. O. & J. Hamlett. 1964. Birds of Prey of the World. Clarkson N. Potter, New York.
Houston, D. C., A. Hall & H. Frey. 1993. The characteristics of the cosmetic soils used by bearded vultures Gypaetus barbatus. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 113:260-263.
Hudson, G. 1948. Studies on the muscles of the pelvic appendage in birds. II. The heterogeneous order Falconiformes. Amer. Midl. Nat. 39:102-127.
Jollie, M. 1976-1977. A contribution to the morphology and phylogeny of the Falconiformes. Evol. Theory 1:285-298, 2:115-300, 3:1-141.
Kemp, A. & van Zyl, A. 1998. Co-operative breeding by collared falconets Microhierax caerulescens. Forktail 13:130-131.
Kerlinger, P. 1989. Flight strategies of migrating hawks. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.
Kruuk, H. 1965. Competition for food between vultures in east Africa. Ardea 55:171-193.
Mindell, D. P. 1983. Harlan's hawk (Buteo jamaicensis harlani): a valid subspecies. Auk 100:161-169.
Mundy, P., D. Butchart, J. Ledger & S. Piper. 1992. The Vultures of Africa. Academic Press, London.
Newton, I. 1983. The Sparrowhawk. T. & A. D. Poyser, Calton.
Newton, I. 1990. Birds of Prey. Facts on File, New York, Oxford, Sydney.
Nielsen, O. K. & T. J. Cade. 1990. Annual cycle of the gyrfalcon in Iceland. Nat. Geogr. Research 6:41-62.
Olendorff, R. R., D. Amadon & S. Frank. 1995. Books on hawks and owls, an annotated bibliography. Proc. Western Found. Vert. Zool. 6(2).
Pleasants, J. M. & B. Y. Pleasants. 1989. Reversed size dimorphism in raptors: can we tell which sex changed size? Oikos 56:287-288.
Poole, A. F. 1989. Ospreys, a natural and unnatural history. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Ratcliffe, D. 1993. The Peregrine Falcon. 2nd ed. T & A D Poyser/Academic, London.
tt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 68, Suppl. Ann. Ornithol. 16:61-114.to top of bibliography; to family account
Hoesch, E. 1960. Zum Brutverhalten des Laufhühnchens Turnix sylvatica lepurana. J. Ornithol. 101:265-275.
Flieg, G. M. 1973. Breeding biology and behaviour of the South African hemipode in captivity. Avicultural Mag. 79:55-59.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1991. Bustards, Hemipodes, and Sandgrouses, Birds of Dry Places. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Niethammer, G. 1961. Sonderbildungen an Oesophagus und Trachea beim Weibchen von Turnix sylvatica lepurana. J. Ornithol. 102:75-79.
Ridley, M. W. 1983. A review of the ecology and behaviour of button-quails. World Pheasant Association Journal 8:51-61.
Stark, J. M. 1991. Biogeography and life history of Turnix suscitator Gmelin 1789. Small adult body size as a consequence of selection for rapid growth. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch. 29:213-237.
Trollope, J. 1967. Breeding a hemipode, Turnix suscitator. Avic. Mag. 73:184-188.
Trollope, J. 1970. Behaviour notes on the barred and Andalusian hemipodes (Turnix suscitator and Turnix sylvatica). Avicult. Mag. 76:219-227.
Winkel, W. 1969. Einige ergänzende Volierenbeobachtungen am Schwarzbrustlaufhühnchen (Turnix suscitator). Gefiederte Welt 93:169-170.
Wintle, C. C. 1975. Notes on the breeding habits of the Kurrichane buttonquail. Honeyguide 82:27-30.
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Appert, O. 1968. Beobachtungen an Monias benschi in Südwest-Madagaskar. J. Ornithol. 109:401-417.
Appert, O. 1985. Zur Biologie der Mesitornithiformes (Nakas oder "Stelzenrallen") Madagaskars und erste fotographische Dokumente von Vertretern der Ordnung. Ornithol. Beobachter 82:31-54.
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Alvarez del Toro, M. 1971. On the biology of the American finfoot in southern Mexico. Living Bird 10:79-88.
Beddard, F. E. 1899. On the anatomy of Burmeister's cariama (Chunga burmeisteri). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1889:594-602.
Brooke, R. K. 1984. Taxonomic subdivisions within the Heliornithidae. Ostrich 55:171-173.
Cook, S. 1998. The kagu. Birding World 11:440-441.
Cracraft, J. 1973. Systematics and evolution of the Gruiformes (Class Aves). 3. Phylogeny of the suborder Grues. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 151(1):1-128.
Cracraft, J. 1982. Phylogenetic relationships and transantarctic biogeography of some gruiform birds. Geobios Memoire Spec. 6:393-402.
Craig, J. L. 1980. Pair and group breeding behaviour of a communal gallinule, the pukeko, Porphyrio p. melanotus. Anim. Behav. 28:593-603.
Diamond, J. 1991. A new species of rail from the Solomon Islands and convergent evolution of insular flightlessness. Auk 108:461-470.
Eason, P. K. & P. T. Sherman. 1995. Dominance status, mating strategies and copulation success in cooperatively polyandrous white-winged trumpeters, Psophia leucoptera (Aves: Psophiidae). Anim. Behav. 49:725-736. field study, Manu, Peru, permanent territorial groups, the dominant female is the only one that lays; beta male got 30% of the copulations in female's fertile period
Fecuccia, A. & M. R. Voorhies. 1992. Crowned cranes (Gruidae: Balearica) in the Miocene of Nebraska. Science Series Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36: 239-248.
Fjeldsa° , J. 1983. Geographic variation in the Andean coot Fulica ardesiaca. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 103:18-22.
Fraser, M. W., W. R. J. Dean & I. C. Best. 1992. Observations on the Inaccessible Island rail Atlantisia rogersi: the world's smallest flightless bird. Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 112:12-22.
Goldizen, A.W., Buchan, J.C., Putland, D.A. Goldizen, A.R. & Krebs, E.A. 2000. Patterns of mate-sharing in a population of Tasmanian native hens Gallinula mortierii. Ibis 142:40-47.
Houde, P., A. Cooper, E; Leslie, A. E. Strand & G. A. Montaño. 1997. Phylogeny and evolution of 12S rDNA in Gruiformes (Aves). in: Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics, ed. D. P. Mindell. Academic Press.
Hunt, G. R. 1996. Environmental variables associated with population patterns of the kagu Rhynochetos jubatus of New Caledonia. Ibis 138:778-785.
Jamieson, I. G., J. S. Quinn, P. A. Rose & B. N. White. 1994. Shared paternity among non-relatives is a result of an egalitarian mating system in a communally breeding bird, the pukeko. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 257:271-277.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1983. Cranes of the World. London & Canberra.
Krajewski, C. 1989. Phylogenetic relationships among cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae) based on DNA hybridization. Auk 106:603-618.
Krajewski, C. 1990. Relative rates of single-copy DNA evolution in cranes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 7:65-73.
Krajewski, C. & J. W. Fetzner. 1994. Phylogeny of cranes (Gruiformes: Gruidae) based on cytochrome-b DNA sequences. Auk 111:351-365.
Krajewski, C. & D. G. King. 1996. Molecular divergence and phylogeny: rates and patterns of cytochrome b evolution in cranes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:21-30.
Lambert, F. R. 1998. A new species of Gymnocrex from the Talaud Islands, Indonesia. Forktail 13:1-6. G. talaudensis, the Talaud rail
Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 353: 2077-2151.
Love, J. & P. Deininger. 1992. Characterization and phylogenetic significance of a repetitive DNA sequence from whooping cranes (Grus americana). Auk 109:73-79. RAPDs indicate similarity with Grus grus
Lyon, B. E. & M. P. L. Fogden. 1989. Breeding biology of the sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) in Costa Rica. Auk 106:503-507.
Lyon, B. E., Eadie, J. M. & Hamilton, L. D. 1994. Parental choice selects for ornamental plumage in American coot chicks. Nature 371:240-243.
Marshall, L. G. 1994. The terror birds of South America. Sci. Amer. 270(2):90-95. Phorusrhacos
McNab, B. K. 1994. Energy conservation and the evolution of flightlessness in birds. Am. Nat. 144:628-642.
McNab, B. K. 1994. Resource use and the survival of land and freshwater vertebrates on oceanic islands. Am. Nat. 144:643-660.
Olson, S. L. 1973. A classification of the Rallidae. Wilson Bull. 85:381-416.
Olson, S. L. 1973. Evolution of the rails of the South Atlantic Islands (Aves: Rallidae). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 152.
Olson, S. L. 1986. Gallirallus sharpei (Bütterkofer), nov. comb. a valid species of rail (Rallidae) of unknown origin. Le Gerfaut 76:263-269.
Patterson, B. & J. L. Kraglievith. 1960. Sistematics y nomenclatura de las aves Fororracoideas del Plioceno Argentino. Publ. Mus. Municipal Cienc. Nat. Trad. Mar de Plata 1:1-49.
Petrie, M. 1986. Reproductive strategies of male and female moorhens (Gallinula chloropus), pp. 43-63. in: Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution, Birds and Mammals (D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham, Eds.). Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
Redford, K. R. & G. Peters. 1986. Notes on the biology and song of the red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata). J. Field Ornithol. 57:261-269.
Ridgway, R. & H. Friedmann. 1941. The birds of North and Middle America. US National Museum Bull. 50, part 9.
Ripley, S. D. 1977. Rails of the World. A Monograph of the Family Rallidae. Boston, David R. Godine.
Ripley, S. D. & B. M. Beehler. 1985. Rails of the world, compilation of new information, 1975-1983 (Aves: Rallidae). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 417.
Rottowe, K. & J. M. Starck. 1998. Evidence for a phylogenetic position of button quails (Turnicidae: Aves) among the Gruiformes. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research (= Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch.) 36:53-64.
Ryan, P. G., B. P. Watkins & W. R. Siegfried. 1989. Morphometrics, metabolic rate and body temperature of the smallest flightless bird: the Inaccessible Island rail. Condor 91:465-467.
Sherman, P. T. 1995. Breeding biology of white-winged trumpeters (Psophia leucoptera) in Peru. Auk 112:285-295.
Sherman, P. T. 1995. Social organization of cooperatively polyandrous white-winged trumpeters (Psophia leucoptera). Auk 112:296-309.
Skead, C. J. 1962. Peters' finfoot Podica senegalensis (Vieillot) at the nest. Ostrich 33:31-33.
Storer, R. W. 1982. Fused thoracic vertebrae in birds: their occurrence and possible significance. J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 14:86-95.
Taylor, B. & B. van Perlo. 1998. Rails: A Guide to the Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World. Pica Press.
Thomas, B. T. & J. Ingels. 1995. On the the specimen, type locality, distribution and clutch size of the sunbittern Eurypyga helias (Pallas 1781). Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Club 115:226-228.
Thomas, B. T. & S. D. Strahl. 1990. Nesting behavior of sunbitterns (Eurypyga helias) in Venezuela. Condor 92:576-581.
ustard. Ann. Report 2, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 100 pp.Chappuis, C., C. Erard & G. J. Morel. 1979. Données comparatives sur la morphologie et les vocalisations des diverses formes d'Eupodotis ruficrista (Smith). Malimbus 1:74-89.
Crowe, T. M., M. F. Essop, D. G. Allan, R. K. Brooke & J. Komen. 1994. 'Overlooked' units of comparative and conservation biology: a case study of a small African bustard, the Black Korhaan Eupodotis afra. Ibis 136:166-175. suggests afraoides is distinct species, by habitat, plumage, size, displays, vocalizations, RFLPs; but interbreed near Craddock
Gaucher, P., P. Paillat, C. Chappuis, M. Saint Jalme, F. Lotfikham & M. Wink. 1996. Taxonomy of the houbara bustard Chlamydois undulata subspecies considered on the basis of sexual display and genetic divergence. Ibis 138:273-282. includes song and 300-bp sequence of cytochrome b. macqueenii and undulata should be distinct species; fuertaventurae a subspecies of undulata since courtship display is alike in both.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1991. Bustards, Hemipodes, and Sandgrouses, Birds of Dry Places. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Mian, A. & M. I. Suhrahio. 1983. Biology of Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni) with reference to Western Baluchistan. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80:111-118.
Osborne, P. E., M. Al Bowardi & T. A. Bailey. 1997. Migration of the Houbara bustard Chalydotis undulata from Abu Dhabi to Turkmenistan; the first results from satellite tracking studies. Ibis 139:192-196.
Ridley, M. W., R. D. Magrath & J. C. Z. Woinarski. 1985. Display leap of the lesser florican Sypheotides indica. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82:271-277.
Sangster, G. 1996. Taxonomy of Houbara and Macqueen's bustards and neglect of intraspecific diversity. Dutch Birding 18:248-254. lumping species obscures diffs in behavior and impedes conservation.
Schulz, H. 1985. A review of the world status and breeding distribution of the little bustard. Bustard Studies 2:131-152.
Schulz, H. 1985. Grundlagenforschung zur Biologie der Zwergtrappe; 401 pp. Staatliches Naturhistorishes Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig.
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Björklund, M. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among Charadriiformes: reanalysis of previous data. Auk 111:825-832.
Brown, C. & D. Ward. 1990. The morphology of the syrinx in the Charadriiformes (Aves): possible phylogenetic implications. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 42:95-104.
Chu, P. C. 1994. Historical examination of delayed plumage maturation in the shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes). Evolution 48:327-350.
Chu, P. C. 1995. Phylogenetic reanalysis of Strauch's osteological data set for the Charadriiformes. Condor 97:174-196.
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