The family sequence mainly follows Peters. For earlier references on anatomy, systematics, families and orders, see Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), and Sibley & Monroe (1990).

General Reference

Newton, A. 1896. A Dictionary of Birds. Adam &Charles Black, London. especially: skeleton.

Peters, J. L., et al. 1931-1987. Check-list of Birds of the World. 15 vols with vol. 1 revision; vol. 16 index. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. Standard taxonomic reference, particularly the recent volumes.

Van Tyne, J. & A. J. Berger. 1976. Fundamentals of Ornithology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. (family accounts)

Welty, J. C. & L. Baptista. 1988. The Life of Birds. edn. 4. Saunders, San Francisco.

Wolters, H. E. 1975-1982. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin.

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Regional: Old World

Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. 1968-1974. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. 10 vols. Oxford Univ. Press.

Andrew, P. 1992. The birds of Indonesia: a checklist (Peters' sequence). Indonesian Ornithological Society, Jakarta, Indonesia. 83 pp. Kulika Checklist no. 1.

Barlow, C., Wacher, T. & Disley, T. 1997. A Field Guide to the Birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Robertsbridge, U.K.

Beehler, B. M., T. K. Pratt & D. A. Zimmerman. 1986. Birds of New Guinea. Princeton Univ. Press.

Blakers, M., S. J. J. F. Davies & P. N. Reilly. 1984. The Atlas of Australian Birds. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Melbourne Univ. Press.

Brown, L. H., E. K. Urban & K. Newman, eds. 1982-1997-. The Birds of Africa. vols. 1-5, projected 8 vols. Academic Press, London. (vol. 4: ed. by S. Keith, E. K. Urban & C. H. Fry; ed. sequence varies among vols.)

Cheng Tso-Hsin. 1994. A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds. Science Press, Beijing.

Coates, B. J. 1985, 1990. The Birds of Papua New Guinea, vol. 1, Non-Passerines; vol. 2, Passerines. Dove, Alderley, Queensland.

Coates, B. J. & K. D. Bishop. 1997. A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea (Sulawesi, The Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia). Dove, Alderley, Queensland.

Cramp, S., ed. 1977-1994. Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. vols. 1-9. Oxford Univ. Press.

Dickinson, E. C., R. S. Kennedy & K. C. Parkes. 1989. The Birds of the Philippines. B.O.U. Check-list no. 11.

Dowsett, R. J. & F. Dowsett-Lemaire, eds. 1993. A contribution to the distribution and taxonomy of Afrotropical and Malagasy birds. Tauraco Research Report no. 5.

Elgood, J. H. et al. 1994. The Birds of Nigeria. 2nd ed. British Ornithologists' Union Check-list no. 4.

Goodman, S. M. & P. L. Meininger. 1989. The Birds of Egypt. Oxford Univ. Press.

Grewal, B. 1999. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. 3rd ed., paperback.

Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp. 1998. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Christopher Helm.

Heather, B. D. & Robertson, H. A. 1997. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Oxford Univ. Press.

Il'icev, V. D. & V. E. Flint. 1982-. Handbuch der Vögel der Sowjetunion. (4 vols. published in Russian, Birds of the USSR = Ptizy SSSR, 10 vols. projected; vol. 1 in German translation, 1985, vol. 2 in press for 1989). A. Ziemsen, Wittenberg Lutherstadt.

Jonsson, L. 1993. Birds of Europe with North Africa and the Middle East. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton; Christopher Helm, London.

King, B. F. & E. C. Dickinson. 1975. A Field Guide to the Birds of South-east Asia. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

Langrand, O. 1990. Guide to the Birds of Madagascar. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.

MacKinnon, J. 1993. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, the Greater Sunda Islands. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.

Mackworth-Praed, W. & C. H. B. Grant. 1957-1973. African Handbook of Birds. 6 vols. Longman, London.

Marchant, S. & P. Higgins, eds. 1991, 1992, 1996, 1999... The Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (HANZAB). vol. 1, ratites to ducks. vol. 2, Birds of prey to pratincoles. vol. 3, snipe to pigeons. vol. 4, parrots to dollarbirds. Oxford Univ. Press.

White, C. M. N. & M. D. Bruce. 1986. The Birds of Wallacea (Sulawesi, the Moluccas & Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. B.O.U. Check-list 7.

Zimmerman, D.A., Turner, D.A. & Pearson, D.J. (1996). Birds of Kenya and northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

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Regional: New World

American Ornithologists' Union. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th ed. Washington, D. C.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1997. Check-list of North American Birds, 7th ed. Washington, D. C.

American Ornithologists' Union. 1992-. The Birds of North America. ed. by F. Gill & A. Poole. species accounts

Castro, I. & Phillips, A. 1997. A Guide to the Birds of the Galápagos Islands. Princeton Univ. Press.

Fjeldså, J. & N. Krabbe. 1990. Birds of the High Andes, a manual of the birds of the temperate zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America. Apollo Books, Svendborg, Denmark.

Hayes, F. E. 1995. Status, distribution and biogeography of the birds of Paraguay. ABA Monogr. Field Ornithology 1.

Hilty, S. L. & W. L. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton Univ. Press.

Howell, S. N. G. & S. Webb. 1994. A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford Univ. Press.

Johnston, A. W. 1965-1967. The Birds of Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Buenos Aires.

Meyer de Schauensee, R. & W. H. Phelps, Jr. 1978. A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela. Princeton Univ. Press.

National Geographic Society. 1983. A Field Guide to the Birds of North America. Washington, D. C.

Palmer, R. S., ed. 1962-1988. Handbook of North American Birds. vols. 1-5, loons through hawks, concludes the incomplete series. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.

Pratt, H. D., P. L. Bruner & D. G. Berrett. 1987. A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton Univ. Press.

Pyle, P. 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.

Raffaele, H., Wiley, J., Garrido, O., Keith, A. & Raffaele, J. 1998. Birds of the West Indies. Christopher Helm.

Ridgely, R. S. & G. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1990. A Guide to the Birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. Princeton Univ. Press.

Ridgley, R. S. & G. Tudor. 1991, 1994. The Birds of South America. Vols. 1, 2. Univ. Texas Press, Austin.

Ridgway, R. & Friedmann, H. 1901-1950. The Birds of North and Middle America. U. S. Natl. Museum Bulls. The series included hawks through songbirds.

Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil, a natural history. Princeton Univ. Press. 933 pp.

Stiles, F. G. & A. F. Skutch. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.

Stolz, D.F., J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker III & D. K. Moskovits. 1996. Neotropical Birds, Ecology and Conservation. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.

Tostain, O., J.-L. Dujardin, Ch. Érard & J.-M. Thiollay. 1992. Oiseaux de Guyane. pp. 222, 77 color photographs, 105 drawings, 118 distribution maps, 19 figures. Brunoy: Société d'Études Ornithologique.

Wetmore, A. 1965-1984. The Birds of the Republic of Panama. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 150, 4 parts. Washington, D. C.

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Classifications, Anatomy, and Molecular Genetics

Baumel, J. J., et al. 1993. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. 2nd ed. Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club no. 23, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Beecher, W. J. 1962. The bio-mechanics of the bird skull. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 11(2): 10-33.

Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 222.

Christidis, L. 1990. B. Aves. Animal Cytogenetics, 4, (Chordata 3): 1-116.

Fürbinger, M. 1888. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel. 2 vols. Amsterdam, von Holkema.

Gadow, H. 1892. On the classification of birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1892:229-256.

Gadow, H. 1893. Vögel. II. Systematischer Theil. in Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, vol. 6(4). 1008 pp. Leipzig, C. F. Winter.

Garrod, A. H. 1874. On certain muscles of birds and their value in classification. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1874:339-348.

Groth, J. G. & G. F. Barrowcloough. 1999. Basal divergences in birds and the phylogenetic utility of the nuclear RAG-1 gene. Mol. Phylogene. Evolution 12:115-123. ((ratites and tinamou))((duck, fowl))(other birds))

Harshman, J. 1994. Reweaving the tapestry: what can we learn from Sibley and Ahlquist (1990)? Auk 111:377-388.

Hecht, M. K. & J. L. Edwards. 1977. The methodology of phylogenetic inference above the species level. Pp. 3-51, in: Major Patterns in Vertebrate Evolution (M. K. Hecht, P. C. Goody & B. M. Hecht, Eds.). Plenum Press, New York.

Howard, H. 1929. The avifauna of Emeryville shellmound. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 32:301-394.

Houde, P. 1987. Critical evaluation of DNA hybridization studies in avian systematics. Auk 31:17-32.

Jollie, M.T. 1957. The head skeleton of the chicken and remarks on the anatomy of this region in other birds. J. Morphol. 100:389-436.

Mayr, E. 1989. A new classification of the living birds of the world. Auk 106:508-512. (comments on Sibley et al. classification)

McKitrick, M. C. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of avian hindlimb musculature. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan no. 179.

Mindell, D. P. 1992. DNA-DNA hybridization and avian phylogeny. Syst. Biol. 41:126-134.

Mindell, D. P. (ed.). 1997. Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics. Academic Press, New York.

Mindell, D. P., M. D. Sorenson, C. J. Huddleston, H. C. Miranda, Jr., A. Knight, S. J. Sawchuk, and T. Yuri. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among and within select avian orders based on mitochondrial DNA. Pp. 211-247 in Avian molecular evolution and systematics (D. P. Mindell, ed.). Academic Press, New York.

Mindell, D. P., M. D. Sorenson & D. E. Dimcheff. 1998. Multiple independent origins of mitochondrial gene order in birds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 10693-10697.

Newton, A. 1896. A Dictionary of Birds. Adam & Charles Black, London. especially: skeleton.

O'Hara, R. J. 1988. Diagrammatic classifications of birds, 1819-1901: views of the natural system in 19th-century British ornithology. Acta 19th Congr. Internat. Ornithol., pp. 2746-2759.

Raikow, R. J. 1985. Problems in avian classification. Current Ornithol. 2:187-212. R. F. Johnston, Ed. New York, Plenum.

Sarich, V. M., C. W. Schmidt & J. Marks. 1989. DNA hybridization as a guide to phylogenetics: a critical analysis. Cladistics 5:3-32.

Sheldon, F. H. & A. H. Bledsoe. 1993. Avian molecular systematics, 1970s to 1990s. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24:243-278.

Sibley, C. G. 1970. A comparative study of the egg-white proteins of passerine birds. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., Bull. 32.

Sibley, C. G. 1994. On the phylogeny and classification of living birds. J. Avian Biol. 25:87-92.

Sibley, C. G. & J. E. Ahlquist. 1972. A comparative study of the egg white proteins of non-passerine birds. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., Bull. 39.

Sibley, C. G. & J. E. Ahlquist. 1986. Reconstructing bird phylogeny by comparing DNA's. Scientific American 254(2):82-92.

Sibley, C. G. & J. E. Ahlquist. 1987. Avian phylogeny reconstructed from comparisons of the genetic material, DNA. in Molecules and morphology in evolution: conflict or compromise, ed. C. Patterson. Pp. 95-121. Cambridge Univ. Press.

Sibley, C. G. & J. E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale Univ. Press. see also reviews: F. B. Gill & F. H. Sheldon, 1991, Science 252:1003-1005; R. J. O'Hara, 1991, Auk 108:990-994; D. P. Mindell, 1992, Syst. Biol. 41:126-134; D. Siegel-Causey, 1993, Auk 109:939-944 (and other reviews in same issue).

Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale Univ. Press.

Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., Jr. 1993. A supplement to Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale Univ. Press.

Stephan, B. 1970. Eutaxe, Diastataxie und andere Probleme der Befiederung des Vogelflügels. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 46:339-437. **

Storer, R. W. 1971. Classification of birds. Pp. 1-18, in Avian Biology, vol. 1 (D. S. Farner and J. R. King, Eds.). New York: Academic Press.

Stresemann, E. 1927-1934. Aves. in Handbuch der Zoologie, vol. 7, part 2 (W. Kükenthal and T. Krumbach, eds.). Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.

Temrin, H., Sinnén-Tullberg, B. 1994. The evolution of avian mating systems: a phylogenetic analysis of male and female polygamy and length of pair bond. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 52:121-149.

Temrin, H. & B. S. Tullberg. 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of avian mating systems in relation to altricial and precocial young. Behav. Ecology 6:296-307. these two papers are representative adaptation of Sibley & Ahlquist as background for an estimate of bird phylogeny, in relation to distribution of adaptive traits.

Woodbury, C. J. 1998. Two spinal cords in birds: novel insights into early avian evolution. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265:1721-1729.

Zink, R.M. & McKitrick, M.C. 1995. The debate over species concepts and its implications for ornithology. Auk 112:701-719.

Zusi, R. L. 1984. A functional and evolutionary analysis of rhynchokinesis in birds. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 395. 40 pp.

Zusi, R. L. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the avian skull. In: The Skull, Vol. 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity., ed. J. Hanken & B. I. Hall. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.

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Origins and Early Fossil Evolution

Andors, A. V. 1991. Paleobiology and relationships of the giant groundbird Diatryma (Aves: Gastornithiformes). Acta XX Congr. Internat. Ornithol.: 563-571. (Eocene, rel. Anseriformes)

Andors, A. V. 1992. Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird Diatryma (Aves: Anserimorphae). in Papers in Avian Paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 36:109-125.

Balouet, J. C. & S. L. Olson. 1989. Fossil birds from Late Quaternary deposits in New Caledonia. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 469:1-38.

Baretto, C., R. M. Albrecht, D. E. Bjorling, J. R. Horner & N. J. Wilsman. 1993. Evidence of the growth plate and the growth of long bones in juvenile dinosaurs. Science 262:2020-2023.

de Beer, G. 1954. Archaeopteryx Lithographica, a study based upon the British Museum specimen. London: British Museum (Natural History).

Blondell, J. & C. Mourer-Chauviré. 1998. Evolution and history of the western Palaearctic avifauna. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13:488-492.

Charig, A. J., F. Greenaway, A. C. Milner, C. A. Walker & P. J. Whybrow. 1986. Archaeopteryx is not a forgery. Science 232:620-626.

Chatterjee, S. 1991. Cranial anatomy and relationships of a new Triassic bird from Texas. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 332:277-342. Protoavis, 225 mya

Chatterjee, S. 1995. The Triassic bird Protoavis. Archaeopteryx (München) 13:15-31.

Chatterjee, S. 1997. The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.

Chiappe, L. 1995. The first 85 million years of avian evolution. Science 378:349-355.

Cracraft, J. 1986. The origin and early diversification of birds. Paleobiology 12:383-399.

de Beer, G. 1954. Archaeopteryx lithographica, a study based upon the British Museum specimen. London, Trustees of the British Museum.

Feduccia, A. 1993. Evidence from claw geometry indicating arboreal habits of Archaeopteryx. Science 259:790-791.

Feduccia, A. 1994. Tertiary bird history: notes and comments. pp. 178-189, in: Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution (D. R. Prothero & R. M. Schoch, eds.). Short Courses in Vertebrate Paleontology, no. 7. Knoxville, Univ. Tennessee Press.

Feduccia, A. 1995. Explosive evolution in Tertiary birds and mammals. Science 26:637-638.

Feduccia, A. 1995. The aerodynamic model for the evolution of feathers and feather misinterpretation. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 181:65-77.

Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Calif. Acad. Sci., Memoirs 8:1-56.

Gauthier, J. & Padian, K. 1985. Phylogenetic, functional, and aerodynamic analyses of the origin of birds and their flight. Pp. 185-197, in: The Beginnings of Birds. Eds. M. K. Hecht, J. H. Ostrom, G. Viohl & P. Wellnhofer. Freude des Jura-Museums, Eichstatt.

Gingerich, P. D. 1976. Evolutionary significance of the Mesozoic toothed birds. Smithsonian Contrib. Paleobiol. 27:23-33.

Harrison, C. J. O. & C. A. Walker. 1976. A review of the bony-toothed birds (Odontopterygiformes) with description of some new species. Tertiary Research Special Paper 2.

Hecht, M. K., J. H. Ostrom, G. Viohl & P. Wellnhofer, eds. 1985. The Beginnings of Birds. Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstatt 1984. Freude des Jura-Museums, Eichstatt. 382 pp.

Hedges, S.B., Parker, P.H., Sibley, C.G. & Kumar, S. 1996. Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals. Nature 381:226-229.

Hou, L.-H., Z. Zhou, L. D. Martin & A. Feduccia. 1995. A beaked bird from the Jurassic of China. Nature 377:616-618. Confucisornis

Houde, P. 1986. Ostrich ancestors found in the northern Hemisphere suggest a new hypothesis of ratite origins. Nature 324:563-565.

Houde, P. 1988. Paleognathous birds from the early Tertiary of the northern Hemisphere. Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 22:1-148.

Houde, P. & S. L. Olson. 1981. Paleognathous carinate birds from the Early Tertiary of North America. Science 214:1236-1237.

Houck, M. A., J. A. Gauthier & R. E. Strauss. 1990. Allometric scaling in the earliest fossil bird, Archaeopteryx lithographica. Science 247:195-198.

Kurochkin, E. N. 1985. Lower Cretaceous birds from Mongolia and their evolutionary significance. Proc. XVIII Internat. Ornithol. Congress, Moscow 1982, pp. 191-199.

Kurochkin, E. N. & S. L. Olson (eds.). 1989. The early radiation of birds, pp. 2022-2064. Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Ottawa, vol. 2.

Marsh, O. C. 1880. Odontornithes: a monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America. Professional Papers of the Engineer Department, U.S. Army, no. 18. Washington.

Martin, L. D. 1983. The origin and early radiation of birds. In: Perspectives in Ornithology (A. H. Brush & G. A. Clark Jr., eds.), pp. 291-338. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Martin, L. D. 1983. The origin of birds and of avian flight. Current Ornithol. 1:105-129.

Martin, L. D. 1992. The status of the Late Paleocene birds Gastornis and Remiornis. in Papers in Avian Paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 36:97-108.

Mayr, G. 1998. "Coraciiforme" und "piciforme" Kleinvögel aus dem Mittel-Eozän der Grube Messel (Hessen, Deutschland). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 205.

Mayr, G. 1998. Ein Archaeotrogon (Aves: Archaeotrogonidae) aus dem Mittel-Eozän der Grube Messel (Hessen, Deutschland)? J. Ornithol. 139:121-129.

Mayr, G. 1998. A new family of Eocene zygodactyl birds. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 78:199-209.

Mayr, G. & Daniels, M. 1998. Eocene parrots from Messel (Hessen, Germany) and the London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, England). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 78:157-177.

Mayr, G. & Peters, D.S. 1998. The mousebirds (Aves: Coliiformes) from the Middle Eocene of Grube Messel (Hessen, Germany). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 78:179-197.

Miller, G. H., J. W. Magee, B. J. Johnson, M. L. Fogel, N. A. Spoone, M. T. McCulloch & L. K. Ayliffe. 1999. Pleistocene extinction of Genyornis newtoni: human impact on Australian megafauna. Science 283:205-208.

Mourer-Chauviré. 1992. The Galliformes (Aves) from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France): systematics and biostratigraphy. in Papers in Avian Paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 36:67-95.

Norman, D. B. 1987. Review of: F. Hoyle & C. Wickramasinghe, 1986, "Archaeopteryx, the Primordial Bird: A Case of Fossil Forgery." Ibis 129:408-411.

Norell, M. A., J. M. Clark, L. M. Chiappe & D. Daschzeveg. 1995. A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378:774-778 (also "news and views," p. 764-765)

Olson, S. L., ed. 1976. Collected papers in avian paleontology honoring the 90th birthday of Alexander Wetmore. Smithsonian Contrib. Paleobiology 27.

Olson, S. L. 1985. The fossil record of birds. In: Farner, D. S., J. R. King & K. C. Parkes, eds., Avian Biology 8:79-238.

Olson, S. L. 1992. A new family of primitive landbirds from the Lower Eocene Green River formation of Wyoming. in Papers in Avian Paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 36:127-136. Foro, similarities to hoatzin, musophagid & cuckoo; Foro perhaps key to origin of modern neognath radiation of basal landbirds

Olson, S. L. & E. N. Kurochkin, conveners. 1989. The early radiation of birds. Acta XIXth Congr. Internationalis Ornithologici, Ottawa, vol. 2:2022-2064.

Ostrom, J. H. 1974. Archaeopteryx and the origin of flight. Quart. Rev. Biol. 49:27-47.

Ostrom, J. H. 1976. Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 8:91-182.

Ostrom, J. H. 1976. Some hypothetical anatomical stages in the evolution of avian flight. Smithsonian Contrib. Paleobiol. 27:1-21.

Padian, K., ed. 1986. The origin of birds and the evolution of flight. Calif. Acad. Sciences, Memoirs No. 8.

Padian, K. & Chiappe, L. 1998. The origin of birds and their flight. Scientific American 278, Feb. 1998:38-47.

Padian, K. & Chiappe, L.M. 1998. The origin and early evolution of birds. Biological Reviews 73:1-42.

Rich, P. Vickers. 1979. The Dromornithidae. Bureau of National Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra, Bull. 184.

Ruben, J. 1991. Reptilian physiology and the flight capacity of Archaeopteryx. Evolution 45:1-17. based on physiological study of muscle in extant groups, "burst-level" activity is high, probably Archaeopteryx could have performed "ground upward" flight from a standstill, as well as "trees downward" powered flight.

Sanz, J. L., J. F. Bonaparte & A. Lacasa. 1988. Unusual early Cretaceous birds from Spain. Science 331: 433-435.

Sanz, J. L. & J. F. Bonaparte. 1992. A new order of birds (Class Aves) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. in Papers in Avian Paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 36:39-49.

Stephan, B. 1979. Urvögel, Archaeopterygiformes. Neue Brehm-Bücherei, A. Ziemen, Wittenberg Lutherstadt.

Swinburne, N. H. M. 1988. The Solnhofen limestone and the preservation of Archaeopteryx. Trends Ecol. Evol. 3:274-277.

Swinton, W. E. 1975. Fossil Birds. 3rd ed. British Museum (Natural History).

Tarsitano, S.F. & M.K. Hecht. 1980. A reconsideration of the reptilian relationships of Archaeopteryx. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 69:142-182.

Tarsitano, S. 1991. Archaeopteryx: quo vadis?" pp. 541-576, in: H.-P. Schultze & L. Trueb (eds.). Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods. Comstock, Ithaca. Gautier's claim to have used ancestors is erroneous, he actually compared similarities, and these were not analyzed or coded properly. Tarsitano does not agree that coelosaurs were ancestors of birds.

Thulborn, R. A. 1984. The avian relationships of Archaeopteryx, and the origin of birds. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 82:119-158.

Wellnhofer, P. 1992. A new specimen of Archaeopteryx from the Solnhofen limestone. in Papers in Avian Paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 36:3-23.

Witmer, L. M. & K. D. Rose. 1991. Biomechanics of the jaw apparaatus of the gigantic Eocene bird Diatryma: implications for diet and mode of life. Paleobiology 17:95-120.

Zhow, Z. 1995. Is Mononykus a bird? Auk 112:958-963. --probably not.

Zusi, R. L. & K. I. Warheit. 1992. On the evolution of intraramal mandibular joints in Pseudodontorns (Aves: Odontopterygia). in Papers in Avian Paleontology, honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 36:351-360.

to summary of extinct birds; to an introduction to avian evolutionary history